447. Pulmonary Embolism: Approach to Systemic Thrombolysis in Acute Pulmonary Embolism with Dr. Allison Burnett

CardioNerds Drs. Dinu Balanescu, Billy-Joe Mullinax, and Mariana Garcia discuss systemic thrombolysis in pulmonary embolism with expert Dr. Allison Burnett. Audio editing by CardioNerds Academy intern, student doctor, Pace Wetstein.

Pulmonary embolism is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death in the US, and high-risk PE carries a 30-day mortality risk as high as 30-50%. In this episode, we discuss the indications for systemic thrombolysis, including high-risk PE and cardiac arrest. We addressed how to appropriately select candidates for systemic thrombolysis, balancing the high risk of bleeding. Additionally, we discussed anticoagulation management and timing concurrent with lytic therapy, as well as the importance of multidisciplinary PERT teams.

The 2026 American multi-society PE guidelines were published after this episode was recorded.

Dr. Dinu Balanescu and Dr. Billy-Joe Mullinax are Co-chairs for the CardioNerds PE Series, developed in collaboration with the PERT Consortium.

Enjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.

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Pearls

Risk stratification is crucial in acute pulmonary embolism care. Based on the ESC 2019 guidelines, low-risk PE patients are those who are normotensive with no evidence of right ventricular dysfunction. Intermediate risk includes two categories: intermediate-low, with normotensive patients who have a high PE score with negative biomarkers, and intermediate-high risk, which has elevated biomarkers or signs of RV strain. High-risk PE includes hemodynamically unstable patients (SBP<90) who have end-organ dysfunction, shock, or cardiac arrest.

The 2026 American multi-society PE guidelines presented a new clinical classification scheme is presented, entitled “Acute Pulmonary Embolism Clinical Categories,” with 5 categories (A-E) and subcategories, ranging from low to high risk for adverse outcomes.

Systemic lysis has been studied in patients at high and intermediate risk. Overall, the reduction in mortality has been seen in patients with high-risk PE.

Systemic thrombolysis is associated with high rates of bleeding, 2% fatal or high-risk intracranial hemorrhage per the PEITHO trial; therefore, selecting the appropriate population is critical to improve outcomes and balance the risks and benefits.

Multidisciplinary PERT teams are crucial for making high-quality decisions, and stewardship is necessary to optimize the care of patients with PE.

Notes

Notes: Notes drafted by Dr. Mariana Garcia-Arango

What is the role of systemic thrombolysis in the current era of available catheter-directed therapies?

Thrombolytic therapy reduces mortality, PE recurrence, and PE-related mortality in patients with acute PE.

The evidence supports use during high-risk PE and cardiac arrest.

The clinical presentation is often severe, with high stakes and limited time to mobilize to the cath lab on time for catheter therapies, especially in rural populations.

How to approach the use of systemic thrombolysis during CPR?

Cardiac arrest from PE carries a very poor outlook, with survival rates under 10%. Rapid, targeted interventions to restore circulation are critical.

Systemic thrombolysis may be considered for patients in cardiac arrest due to confirmed or strongly suspected pulmonary embolism, especially when standard ACLS interventions have not been successful.

What is the best anticoagulation approach while using lytics?

Most of the time, we should opt for low-molecular-weight heparin over unfractionated heparin, which has been shown to lead to less major bleeding and reduction of recurrent PE.

Exceptions to the rule include renal dysfunction or if there is consideration of cannulation for ECMO or o