Show Notes
If you're interested in learning more about the Russian government's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, check out this vlogbrothers video published on 3/15/2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMZYKxgc9TEIn which John Green teaches you how Russia evolved from a loose amalgamation of medieval principalities known as the Kievan Rus into the thriving democracy we know today. As you can imagine, there were a few bumps along the road. It turns out that our old friends the Mongols had quite a lot to do with unifying Russia. In yet another example of how surprisingly organized nomadic raiders can be, the Mongols brought the Kievan Rus together under a single leadership and concentrated power in Moscow. This set the stage for the various Ivans (the Great and the Terrible) to throw off the yoke and form a pan-Russian nation ruled by an autocratic leader. More than 500 years later, we still have autocratic leadership in Russia. All this, plus a rundown of some of our favorite atrocities of Ivan the Terrible, and a visit from Putin!Chapters:Introduction 00:00The Kievan Rus 0:44Trade in 11th-century Kiev (Kyiv) 1:28Leadership & Government in Kiev (Kyiv) 2:15Mongol Rule and the Era of Appanage Russia 2:50The Mongols' Influence on Russia 3:19How did Moscow become so prominent? 4:29An Open Letter to Basil and Basil 6:11Ivan the Great (Ivan III) Expands Moscow's Power 6:58Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) 7:45Credits 10:10Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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Welcome to Crash Course: Futures of AI! Our host Kousha Navidar is here to guide you through the ins and outs of our potential AI futures. AI is changing FAST so rather than doing a full Crash Course series of 12+ episodes, we’ve prepared a mini-series of just the basics. Crash Course will never tell you what to think and we’re not the type of organization that responds to breaking news in real time. Instead, we’re here to offer a zoomed-out foundation upon which to base your own opinions as you continue to learn from other outlets about the world that’s changing around us.Crash Course: Futures of AI will cover:-What even is AI? What’s the history of this thing and how quickly has it evolved to what exists today?-How could AI transform society? Will AI cause the next Industrial Revolution, and what might that mean for workers and the environment?-How powerful could AI become? How do we measure the progression of AI? What are the consequences we’re already seeing, and what might be the future consequences of unchecked AI development?-How might powerful AI cause harm? We’ll touch on copyright infringement, misinformation, surveillance, authoritarianism, and (unfortunately,) more. -How could AI be governed? What are the potential approaches for controlling AI both nationally and internationally?P.S. Wondering if we used AI to create this series? Nope! Every Complexly video is lovingly, painstakingly human-made.Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16br0e73KFVD5qu-VEBV40yQTpBiX0l65EgWQ6Q7Fz-k/edit?usp=sharing***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:oranjeez, Jason Terpstra, Chelsea S, Alan Bridgeman, Roger Harms, DexcilaDou, Krystle Young, Allison Wood, Stephen Akuffo, Katrix , Gina Mancuso, Shruti S, Martin G. Diller, Matthew Fredericksen, Brandon Thomas, Breanna Bosso, Ken Davidian, UwU, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Samantha, David Fanska, Kristina D Knight, Andrew Woods, Elizabeth LaBelle, SpaceRangerWes, Matt Curls, Quinn Harden, EllenBryn, Johnathan Williams, Leah H., Laurel Stevens, Steve Segreto, Michael Maher, Liz Wdow, Toni Miles, Perry Joyce, Evan Nelson, Katie Hoban, Mitch Gresko, Kevin Knupp, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Tanner Hedrick, Emily Beazley, Jack Hart, Rie Ohta, Dalton Williams, Scott Harrison, Barbara Pettersen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Thomas Sully, Bernardo Garza, Jason Rostoker, Rizwan Kassim, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Emily T, Ian Dundore, Joseph Ruf, Alex Hackman, Thomas, Constance Urist, team dorsey, Stephen McCandless, Triad Terrace, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Luke Sluder, Eric Koslow, Katie Dean, Tandy Ratliff, Jennifer Killen, Jason Buster, Trevin Beattie, Wai Jack Sin, Caleb Weeks, Nathan Taylor, Siobhán, Les Aker, Barrett Nuzum, John Lee, Ken Penttinen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Pietro Gagliardi, ClareG, Duncan W Moore IV__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
A sad reality that we have to face when studying outbreak science is that sometimes groups of people use outbreaks intentionally to inflict harm on another group. We call this "weaponizing an outbreak", and it's the focus of this episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science. In this episode we'll look at how different groups have weaponized outbreaks throughout history, and the consequences, and we'll discuss what we can learn from those cases to prevent bioweapon attacks in the future.This episode of Crash Course Outbreak Science was produced by Complexly in partnership with Operation Outbreak and the Sabeti Lab at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard—with generous support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.Sources:https://www.who.int/health-topics/biological-weapons#tab=tab_1https://www.jstor.org/stable/482714?casa_token=q9skcnJCGhQAAAAA%3AOgMprkUY8PO8BINadjnNLhHvmkciiTvfms0CQXOAobSf63g4b8MCCj21o1cUWCWp0FXcgcKXzzA-hrpcPkQUprQ5drgUGpeaaXyUbsSm9RH445VbobEO&seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contentshttps://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/9/01-0536_articlehttps://www.jstor.org/stable/27774278?casa_token=2mqGlzrQOTQAAAAA%3AgYIS_xgmItiTvzhAVFyvZs4buz03khOiOqNzFKI7VarEgc-ZKTulXAJCge4AvH9fMP6fs_GBq4PqViqw1pxYyt1eiEe20B5aFq-uZcvExDmTUwZQcVtp&seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contentshttps://web.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/MayorSmallpox.pdfhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/541734?casa_token=BKojaFWpixMAAAAA%3A70Y7nWz3eWDxlVG7nFMp3sR03QQFC0Tx7uq7c-6PrlT4tUZUPfltXMRxbP5gQuIle8zXChh_XNwBcLvrqp0Zp0edjQE3BseNc8DSueB8yP7qVsFq4wQ&seq=4#metadata_info_tab_contentshttps://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/how-a-smallpox-epidemic-forged-modern-british-columbia/https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/cbmh.23.2.541https://www.proquest.com/openview/d1f1fd301ee66728bc90cbe7db1fa486/1?cbl=35731&pq-origsite=gscholarhttps://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/30/eabc0927https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1326439/https://fas.org/programs/bio/bwintro.html#:~:text=Biological%20weapons%20(BWs)%20deliver%20toxins,of%20people%2C%20or%20other%20outcomes.https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.100901.140910https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1326447/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB61/https://www.phe.gov/s3/BioriskManagement/Pages/default.aspx https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events-archive/2001_dark-winter/about.html https://ucr.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism/wmd/criminal-and-epidemiological-investigation-handbookhttps://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/CERC%20Course%20Materials/Instructor%20PPT%20Slides/Terrorism-Bioterrorism%20Communication.pdf***Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZoDownload here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:Shannon McCone, Amelia Ryczek, Ken Davidian, Brian Zachariah, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Oscar Pinto-Reyes, Erin Nicole, Steve Segreto, Michael M. Varughese, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel A Stevens, Vincent, Michael Wang, Stacey Gillespie, Jaime Willis, Krystle Young, Michael Dowling, Alexis B, Rene Duedam, Burt Humburg, Aziz, DAVID MORTON HUDSON, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Rachel Creager, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Jonathan Zbikowski, Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Divonne Holmes à Court, Eric Koslow, Jennifer Dineen, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Jason Rostoker, Shawn Arnold, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, ThatAmericanClare, Rizwan Kassim, Sam Ferguso Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In 1965, Moore’s Law predicted how computers would become smaller, faster, and more powerful than ever before. But here in 2025, we’re on the brink of an even bigger revolution. In this episode, we explore where AI's been, what it can do, and where it might be going. AI benchmarks and scaling laws help us understand what AI is, and could be, capable of. Introduction 00:00How did AI get here? 2:21How do we measure AI progress? 7:47How can we predict the future of AI? 9:10Conclusion 11:29About This Series:AI is changing FAST so rather than doing a full Crash Course series of 12+ episodes, we’ve prepared a mini-series of just the basics. Crash Course will never tell you what to think and we’re not the type of organization that responds to breaking news in real time. Instead, we’re here to offer a zoomed-out foundation upon which to base your own opinions as you continue to learn from other outlets about the world that’s changing around us.Crash Course: Futures of AI will cover:-What even is AI? What’s the history of this thing and how quickly has it evolved to what exists today?-How could AI transform society? Will AI cause the next Industrial Revolution, and what might that mean for workers and the environment?-How powerful could AI become? How do we measure the progression of AI? What are the consequences we’re already seeing, and what might be the future consequences of unchecked AI development?-How might powerful AI cause harm? We’ll touch on copyright infringement, misinformation, surveillance, authoritarianism, and (unfortunately,) more. -How could AI be governed? What are the potential approaches for controlling AI both nationally and internationally?P.S. Wondering if we used AI to create this series? Nope! Every Complexly video is lovingly, painstakingly human-made.Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16br0e73KFVD5qu-VEBV40yQTpBiX0l65EgWQ6Q7Fz-k/edit?usp=sharing***Support us for $5/month on Patreon to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever! https://www.patreon.com/crashcourseOr support us directly: https://complexly.com/supportJoin our Crash Course email list to get the latest news and highlights: https://mailchi.mp/crashcourse/emailGet our special Crash Course Educators newsletter: http://eepurl.com/iBgMhYThanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:DexcilaDou, Martin G. Diller, Johnathan Williams, Allison Wood, EllenBryn, Katrix , Jason Terpstra, Evan Nelson, Jennifer Wiggins-Lyndall, Dalton Williams, SpaceRangerWes, Chelsea S, Thomas Sully, Matthew Fredericksen, AThirstyPhilosopher ., Michael Maher, Mitch Gresko, Gina Mancuso, Roger Harms, Shruti S, Quinn Harden, Brandon Thomas, Emily Beazley, Rie Ohta, oranjeez, UwU, Elizabeth LaBelle, Leah H., David Fanska, Andrew Woods, Katie Hoban, Kevin Knupp, Barbara Pettersen, Ken Davidian, Stephen Akuffo, Toni Miles, Steve Segreto, Kyle & Katherine Callahan, Laurel Stevens, Tanner Hedrick, Kristina D Knight, Samantha, Krystle Young, Perry Joyce, Scott Harrison, Alan Bridgeman, Breanna Bosso, Matt Curls, Liz Wdow, Jennifer Killen, Duncan W Moore IV, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Bernardo Garza, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Pietro Gagliardi, John Lee, Eric Koslow, Indija-ka Siriwardena, Jason Rostoker, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, Barrett, Les Aker, ClareG, Rizwan Kassim, Constance Urist, Alex Hackman, Triad Terrace, Katie Dean, Jason Buster, Emily T, Stephen McCandless, Thomas, Joseph Ruf, Wai Jack Sin, Ian Dundore, Erminio Di Lodovico, Evol Hong, Tandy Ratliff, Caleb Weeks, Luke Sluder__Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseBluesky - https://bsky.app/profile/thecrashcourse.bsky.socialCC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcourse Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Hank tells us the background story and explains the importance of the science of classifying living things, also known as taxonomy.References:http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/table_kingdoms.htmhttp://www.strangescience.net/linn.htmhttp://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/01/19/090119fa_fact_lepore?currentPage=allhttp://linnaeus.c18.net/Doc/lbio.phphttp://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/History/02-Explaining-Life-Classification.htmhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/autotroph.htmlhttp://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3http://www.livescience.com/4593-greatest-mysteries-species-exist-earth.htmlhttp://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/3domain/3domain.htmlTable of Contents1) Taxonomy 0:002) Phylogenetic Tree 1:243) Biolography 2:264) Analogous/Homoplasic Traits 3:485) Homologous Traits 4:036) Taxa & Binomial Nomenclature 4:567) Domains 5:48a) Bateria 6:04b) Archaea 6:44c) Eukarya / 4 Kingdoms 6:54-Plantae 7:56-Protista 8:23-Fungi 8:56-Animalia 9:31Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
In which Hank and John Green teach you a Crash Course on the modern revolution, and the upside of the progress that humanity has made in the last 500 years or so. And while there are two sides to every history, and many of these changes haven't been great for the other inhabitants of the Earth, collective learning has made life better for people in general. We'll talk about the European explorations, improvements in machinery, communications, and the harnessing of energy that improved the lot of human beings.For more information, visit the Big History Project: http://www.bighistoryproject.comCrash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourseWant to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourseTwitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourseInstagram - https://www.instagram.com/thecrashcourse/CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices