Summary
Recent advancements in exoplanetary science reveal significant challenges in understanding the wobbles of thousands of discovered exoplanets, which appear to defy Newton's laws of gravity. Researchers have identified that these irregularities, known as transit timing variations (TTVs), suggest the presence of additional planets or moons influencing the orbits of observed planets. A new study led by graduate student Daniel Yahalomi proposes a method to better interpret these wobbles, potentially uncovering hundreds of Earth-like planets previously hidden from detection.
The study explores the dynamics of TTVs, particularly in systems with multiple planets. It highlights that while Kepler's mission has identified many exoplanets, a significant number remain undetected, especially those located farther from their stars. The researchers discovered a unique relationship between the observed TTVs and the orbital periods of the planets, leading to the identification of two critical boundaries in the data, termed the upper and lower exoplanet edges. These edges provide a framework for distinguishing between possible planetary configurations and could indicate the presence of exomoons.
The implications of this research are profound, as it not only enhances the understanding of planetary systems but also opens new avenues for discovering previously overlooked celestial bodies. The findings suggest that astronomers may soon be able to detect a wealth of new planets and moons, reigniting hopes of finding Earth-like worlds in the cosmos.
Show Notes
Thanks to Incogni for sponsoring us. Use the code coolworlds at https://incogni.com/coolworlds to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.Today we explore what could be considered a classic problem in exoplanetary science, yet one which has eluded astronomers for decades. Transit timing variations (TTVs) are seen in thousands in systems, literally wobbling worlds. Yet for the vast majority of cases, we have no solution for the culprit. Today, we present new research from our team that finds analytic expressions for the allowed solution space and reveals the startling existence of an "exoplanet edge".Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping & Daniel Yahalomi. Edited by Jorge Casas & David Kipping. Thumbnail by Helena Valenzuela Widerstrom.→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcastTHANK-YOU to T. Widdowson, D. Smith, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, S. Brownlee, E. West, T. Zajonc, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, M. Sanford, T. Donkin, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, S. Marks, B. Smith, J. Kruger, S. Applegate, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, W. Evans, N. Corwin, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, R. Provost, G. Fullwood, N. De Haan, R. Williams, E. Garland, R. Lovely, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, S. Thayer, T. Edris, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams, J. Sattler, B. Reese, O. Shabtay, X. Yao, S. Saverys, A. Nimmerjahn, C. Seay, D. Johnson, L. Cunningham, M. Morrow, M. Campbell, B. Devermont, Y. Muheim, A. Stark, C. Caminero, P. Borisoff, A. Donovan, H. Schiff, J. Cos, J. Oliver, B. Kite, C. Hansen, J. Shamp, R. Chaffee, A. Ortiz, B. McMillan, B. Cartmell, J. Bryant, J. Obioma, M. Zeiler, S. Murray, S. Patterson, C. Kennedy, G. Le Saint, W. Ruf, A. Kochkov, B. Langley, D. Ohman, P. Stevenson, T. Ford & T. Tarrants.REFERENCES► Yahalomi & Kipping 2024, "The Exoplanet Edge: Planets Don't Induce Observable TTVs Faster than Half their Orbital Period", ApJ submitted: https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09752► Yahalomi & Kipping 2024, "A Map of the Orbital Landscape for Perturbing Planet Solutions for Single-Planet Systems with TTVs", ApJ submitted: https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.10493► Holman & Murray 2005, "The Use of Transit Timing to Detect Extrasolar Planets with Masses as Small as Earth", Science, 307, 1288: https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0412028► Kipping 2021, "The Exomoon Corridor: Half of all exomoons exhibit TTV frequencies within a narrow window due to aliasing", MNRAS, 500, 1851: https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00764► Kipping &Teachey 2020, "Impossible moons -- Transit timing effects that cannot be due to an exomoon", SerAJ, 201, 25: https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04230MUSICLicensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.0:00 Atlas - Waking Up2:56 Sid Acharya - Searching for Answers5:01 Hill - World of Wonder6:22 Stephen Keech - Selha12:20 Falls - Life in Binary13:40 Hill - The Persecuted16:53 Joachim Heinrich - YCHAPTERS0:00 What are TTVs?5:01 Incogni6:22 The Landscape of TTVs8:41 Tidal Effects12:20 Aliasing14:13 Aliased Conjunctions15:51 Big Picture18:22 Outro & Credits#Exoplanets #Astronomy #CoolWorlds Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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Go to https://ground.news/CoolWorlds to discover the full spectrum of truths and absurdities behind today’s headlines. Save 40% on the Ground News unlimited access Vantage plan with my link. There's been some new studies in the fields of paleopaleontology that have changed my mind about one of the most profound questions - does life start easily on Earth-like planets? Join me today to find out why.Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping. Edited by Jorge Casas.→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get merch: https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-store→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcastTHANK-YOU to T. Widdowson, D. Smith, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, S. Brownlee, E. West, T. Zajonc, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, J. Rockett, D. Murphree, M. Sanford, T. Donkin, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, S. Marks, B. Smith, J. Kruger, S. Applegate, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, W. Evans, N. Corwin, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, R. Provost, G. Fullwood, N. De Haan, R. Williams, E. Garland, R. Lovely, A. Cornejo, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, G. Bylinsky, J. Werner, S. Thayer, T. Edris, F. Blood, M. O'Brien, D. Lee, J. Sargent, M. Czirr, F. Krotzer, I. Williams, J. Sattler, B. Reese, O. Shabtay, X. Yao, S. Saverys, A. Nimmerjahn, C. Seay, D. Johnson, L. Cunningham, M. Morrow, M. Campbell, B. Devermont, Y. Muheim, A. Stark, C. Caminero, P. Borisoff, A. Donovan & H. Schiff.REFERENCES► Kipping 2020, "An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival", PNAS, 117, 11995, ► Graham et al. 2024, "Substantial extension of the lifetime of the terrestrial biosphere", Planetary Science Journal, accepted: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.10714► Moody et al. 2024, "The nature of the last universal common ancestor and its impact on the early Earth system", Nature Ecology & Evolution, 8, 1654 : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02461-1► Nutman et al. 2016, "Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures", Nature, 537, 535: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19355► Schmidt & Frank 2019, "The Silurian Hypothesis: Would it be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record?", IJAsB, 18, 142: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.03748 ► Schopf 2006, "Fossil evidence of Archaean life", Phil. Tran. Roy. Soc. B, 361, 1470: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2006.1834► Wilde et al. 2001, "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago", Nature, 409, 175: https://www.nature.com/articles/35051550► Allwood 2016, "Evidence of life in Earth's oldest rocks", 537, 500: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19429► Bell et al. 2015, "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon", PNAS, 112, 14518: https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1517557112MUSICLicensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.0:00 - Tamuz Dekel - Quiet Pull2:55 - Joachim Heinrich - Horizon4:16 - Joachim Heinrich - Stjärna7:04 - Hill - World of Wonder8:28 - Chris Zabriskie - The Oceans Continue to Rise9:40 - We Dream of Eden - Discovery11:10 - Chris Zabriskie - The Oceans Continue to Rise12:33 - Hill - Arctic Warmth15:08 - Hill - Northern Boards18:16 - Hill - The Meek#abiogenesis #life #CoolWorlds Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Hey Cool Worlders! Here's part 2 of the mini series "How Many Planets in the Universe?" where we now estimate the total number of worlds in the cosmos. If you haven't seen part 1, link is just below!::More about this Video::► Check out part 1 of this video series, "How Many Planets in the Universe? | Part 1: Our Galaxy": https://youtu.be/QQbp91m16Fw► Size of the Universe reference, Vardanyan et al. (2011), “Applications of Bayesian model averaging to the curvature and size of the Universe”: https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.5476v2► Number of galaxies in the observable Universe reference, Conselice et al. (2016), “The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z less than 8 and its Implications”: https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.03909v2► Simon Driver speaking at the IAU XXVth General Assembly, Sydney, Australia 2003. I can’t find a paper but the press release is reported at http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/space/07/22/stars.survey/ and http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3085885.stm► Background music by Thomas Bergersen "Final Frontier": http://www.thomasbergersen.com ::Playlists For Channel::Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorldsCool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearchGuest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuestsQ&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQAScience of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies::Follow us::SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribeCool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.eduTwitter https://twitter.com/david_kippingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worldsTHANKS FOR WATCHING!! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Use code coolworlds at https://incogni.com/coolworlds to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.Déjà vu? Professor Avi Loeb has sparked controversy by suggesting - again - that a recently detected interstellar body passing through the Solar System (3I/ATLAS) could be an alien spacecraft. Today, we dive into what he his claiming and whether it holds up - just the science.Written & presented by Prof. David Kipping, edited by Jorge Casas. Special thanks to Jason Wright for fact checking.→ Support our research: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get merch: https://crowdmade.com/collections/cool-worlds→ Check out our podcast: www.youtube.com/@CoolWorldsPodcastTHANK-YOU to D. Smith, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, S. Brownlee, E. West, T. Zajonc, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, J. Rockett, M. Sanford, T. Donkin, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Armstrong, B. Smith, J. Bergman, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, N. Corwin, K. Howard, G. Metts, R. Provost, G. Fullwood, N. De Haan, R. Williams, E. Garland, R. Lovely, D. Compos, F. Demopoulos, T. Edris, M. O'Brien, D. Lee, M. Czirr, I. Williams, B. Reese, A. Nimmerjahn, C. Seay, D. Johnson, L. Cunningham, M. Morrow, M. Campbell, B. Devermont, P. Borisoff, H. Schiff, J. Cos, C. Hansen, R. Chaffee, A. Ortiz, B. McMillan, B. Cartmell, J. Bryant, J. Obioma, M. Zeiler, S. Murray, S. Patterson, C. Kennedy, G. Le Saint, W. Ruf, A. Kochkov, B. Langley, P. Stevenson, T. Ford, A. Laroye, I. Venzor, R. Raszka, B. Gaalen, J. Alley, D. Aron, G. Thomsen, S. Shardool, A. Phan Le, N. Offor, A. Huch, J. Morrison, C. Fitzsimmons, W. Smith, A. Twyman, B. Burgess, B. Bueche, D. Hoffman & J. Murph.REFERENCES► Avi Loeb's blog: https://avi-loeb.medium.com► Hibberd, Crowl & Loeb 2025, "Is the Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS Alien Technology?": https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12213► Loeb 2018, "Six Strange Facts About`Oumuamua": https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08832► Amrhein et al. 2019, "Scientists rise up against statistical significance", Nature, 567, 305-307: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00857-9► Tonry et al. 2018: "ATLAS: A High-Cadence All-Sky Survey System", PASP, 130, 064505: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.00879► Loeb, Hibberd & Crowl 2025: "Intercepting 3I/ATLAS at Closest Approach to Jupiter with the Juno spacecraft": https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21402► Loeb & MacLeod 2024, "Interstellar meteors from the tidal disruption of rocky planetson eccentric orbits around M dwarfs", A&A, 686, A123: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.09399► Hopkins et al. 2025, "From a Different Star: 3I/ATLAS in the context of the Ōtautahi-Oxford interstellar object population model", ApJL accepted: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05318► Belyakov et al. 2025, "Palomar and Apache Point Spectrophotometry of Interstellar Comet 3I/Atlas", RNAAS, 9, 149: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11720► Jewitt et al. 2025, "Hubble Space Telescope Observations of the Interstellar Interloper 3I/ATLAS": https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02934► Dorman et al. 2013, "The Spatial Distribution of C2, C3 and NH in Comet 2P/Encke", ApJ, 778, 140: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/140/pdfMUSICLicensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via CC Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) or with permission from the artist.0:00 Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Two3:38 Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Three6:01 Triad - Reverence7:37 Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Four10:30 Jeremy Soule - Silent Footsteps13:15 Jeremy Soule - Dragonsreach15:40 Jeremy Soule - Under the Ancient Sun18:47 Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Five20:46 Hill - The MeekCHAPTERS0:00 Intro4:35 Trajectory6:04 Incogni7:37 Close Encounters10:50 Speed13:24 Size23:38 Outro#CoolWorlds #3IATLAS #Interstellar Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
The Sun is dying. A slow death, to be sure, but slowly it creeps towards its end, gradually increasing in luminosity - an effect that will push Earth out of the habitable zone in about a billion years. Can we somehow stop this from happening? Can we save the Earth? Can we save *the Sun*? Join us today as discuss a new research paper from the Cool Worlds Lab at Columbia University, that may help our distant descendants buy themselves billions of years of new life.Written and presented by Prof David Kipping and Matt Scoggins (Columbia). Special thanks to melodysheep for giving us permission to use their awesome starlifting animations from "Life Beyond 3" (https://youtu.be/saWNMPL5ygk)→ Support our research program: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support→ Get Stash here! https://teespring.com/stores/cool-worlds-storeTHANK-YOU to our supporters D. Smith, M. Sloan, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, N. Kildal, Z. Star, E. West, T. Zajonc, C. Wolfred, L. Skov, G. Benson, A. De Vaal, M. Elliott, B. Daniluk, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, H. Jensen, J. Rockett, N. Fredrickson, D. Holland, E. Hanway, D. Murphree, S. Hannum, T. Donkin, K. Myers, A. Schoen, K. Dabrowski, J. Black, R. Ramezankhani, J. Armstrong, K. Weber, S. Marks, L. Robinson, F. Van Exter, S. Roulier, B. Smith, P. Masterson, R. Sievers, G. Canterbury, J. Kill, J. Cassese, J. Kruger, S. Way, P. Finch, S. Applegate, L. Watson, T. Wheeler, E. Zahnle, N. Gebben, J. Bergman, E. Dessoi, J. Alexander, C. Macdonald, M. Hedlund, P. Kaup, C. Hays, S. Krasner, W. Evans, D. Bansal, J. Curtin, J. Sturm, RAND Corp., I. Attard, M. Donovan, N. Corwin, M. Mangione, K. Howard, L. Deacon, G. Metts, G. Genova, R. Provost, B. Sigurjonsson, G. Fullwood, T. Mitchum, B. Walford, J. Boyd, J. Quayle, N. De Haan, R. Crayton, W. Borghei, N. Arc, M. Kay, J. Gillmer & R. Williams.::References::► [THIS RESEARCH!] Scoggins, M. & Kipping, D. (2020), Lazarus Stars: Numerical investigations of stellar evolution with star-lifting", submitted to MNRAS: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02338► Criswell D. R. (1985), Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience, pp 50–87► Matloff G. L. (2017), Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 70, 458::More videos::► "Starlifting" by Isaac Arthur: https://youtu.be/pzuHxL5FD5U► "Watching the End of the World" by Cool Worlds: https://youtu.be/p9e8qNNe3L0::Music::Music licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), or with permission from the artist► Sid Acharya - Sky Sailing (0:00)► Joachim Heinrich - Stjärna (1:48)► Joachim Heinrich - Y (3:29)► Sid Acharya - Searching for Answers (5:06)► Kevin MacLeod - Long Note Two (8:13)► Atlas - Waking Up (10:10)► Falls - Life in Binary (13:15)► Sid Acharya - Sky Sailing (16:11)► Joachim Heinrich - Y (19:15)► Indive - Trace Correction (21:21)::Film/TV clips used::► Interstellar (Paramount Pictures) ► Agora (Focus Features International)► Dragonheart (Universal Pictures)► Immortals (Relativity Media)► Johnny Cash - Hurt (American Recording Studios) ► Noah (Paramount Pictures)► The Planets (BBC)► Sunshine (Fox Searchlight Pictures) ► Ad Astra (20th Century Fox)► The Imitation Game (The Weinstein Company)► Elysium (Sony Pictures Releasing)► Avengers: Infinity War (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures)► Lucy (Universal Pictures)► Avengers: Endgame (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures)► Event Horizon (Paramount Pictures)► Rubikon (Graf Film)► The Expanse (Amazon)► Don't Look Up (Netflix)► Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (New Line Cinema)► The Day After Tomorrow (20th Century Fox) ► Dragon's Den (BBC)► How The Universe Works (Science Channel)► Man of Steel (Warner Bros. Pictures) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Dr Guillem Anglada and the Pale Red Dot project team announced today the discovery of a planet orbiting our nearest star, Proxima Centauri! Prof Kipping provides an update on the search as to whether "Proxima b" also is seen to transit its star our the Cool Worlds Lab MOST data + a discussion of habitability and how to reach this planet!::More about this Video::► MOST telescope homepage: http://most.astro.ubc.ca► Outro music by Taylor Davis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dl9kI1yQKZk::Playlists For Channel::Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorldsCool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearchGuest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuestsQ&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQAScience of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies::Follow us::SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribeCool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.eduTwitter https://twitter.com/david_kippingInstagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worldsTHANKS FOR WATCHING!! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices