The Future of Economic Prosperity

Can Texas produce enough electricity to power the artificial intelligence revolution, or are the state's massive data center projections creating an infrastructure bubble? Dr. Joshua Rhodes, a research scientist at the University of Texas at Austin, nonresident fellow at Columbia University, founding partner of IdeaSmiths LLC, and host of the Energy Capital podcast, joins Brad Swail on Texas Talks to examine the future of Texas' electricity grid, the explosive growth of AI data centers, and the challenges facing ERCOT. Rhodes discusses the current state of the Texas power grid, including improvements made since Winter Storm Uri and remaining concerns about natural gas supply during extreme weather. He explains how new solar generation and battery storage helped Texas manage record electricity demand without the dramatic price spikes that have accompanied previous summer peaks. The conversation then turns to projections suggesting Texas could need approximately 400 gigawatts of electricity capacity to accommodate future demand. Rhodes argues that reaching those levels within the proposed timeframe would require an unprecedented expansion of power generation, transmission infrastructure, manufacturing capacity, and construction resources. Brad and Joshua explore whether the rapid expansion of AI infrastructure and data centers resembles an economic bubble, what happens if proposed projects never materialize, and whether excess power generation could ultimately benefit ordinary Texans through lower electricity prices. They also discuss the potential of small modular nuclear reactors and geothermal energy, the rising cost of natural gas turbines and transformers, and the question of who should pay for the infrastructure required by large technology companies. Beyond electricity demand, the discussion examines community concerns surrounding data center water consumption, cooling systems, noise pollution, local tax incentives, and the economic benefits these facilities can provide. Finally, Rhodes explains ERCOT's Batch Zero process, recent efforts to bring greater accountability to large-load connection requests, and what he hopes the 90th Texas Legislature will prioritize when developing future energy policies. From nuclear power and grid reliability to artificial intelligence, data centers, and electricity costs, this episode explores how Texas can balance economic growth, technological innovation, and affordable, reliable energy without placing unnecessary burdens on everyday Texans. Watch Texas Talks with Brad Swail for an in-depth conversation about the future of energy in the Lone Star State. 00:00 — Can Texas Meet 400GW of Electricity Demand? 00:19 — Introduction to Dr. Joshua Rhodes 01:51 — Why Rhodes Studies the Texas Power Grid 03:44 — ERCOT and Lessons from Winter Storm Uri 06:16 — Texas' Record Electricity Demand 08:53 — Data Centers and the 400GW Forecast 11:54 — Why ERCOT's Demand Projections Are So High 14:15 — How Much Electricity Demand Is Realistic? 16:07 — Is the AI Data Center Boom a Bubble? 19:10 — Small Modular Nuclear Reactors and Geothermal Energy 21:14 — Could Overbuilding Power Plants Lower Electricity Prices? 25:55 — Rising Infrastructure Costs and Electric Bills 29:02 — Data Center Water Consumption and Noise 32:54 — Data Center Tax Breaks and Local Economic Benefits 36:00 — ERCOT's Batch Zero Process and SB 6 37:42 — Governor Abbott's Data Center Audit 40:40 — What Should the 90th Texas Legislature Do? 43:51 — Energy Subsidies and Market Competition 44:40 — Future Energy Policy and Closing Thoughts

Texas State Representative Carl Tepper joins Brad Swail on Texas Talks to discuss some of the major issues being examined by the House Select Committee on Governmental Oversight. Tepper discusses the committee’s examination of district attorneys and criminal prosecution, including the scrutiny surrounding the Travis County District Attorney’s Office and possible approaches lawmakers could consider during the 90th Texas Legislature. The conversation then turns west to a highly unusual question: Could counties currently in New Mexico eventually become part of Texas? Tepper discusses interest from communities along the Texas-New Mexico border, the economic and cultural ties between those counties and West Texas, and what would have to happen for a boundary change to move forward. Finally, Tepper and Brad discuss oversight of taxpayer-funded contracts, nonprofits and local government programs, including questions surrounding homelessness spending in Austin and how governments should respond when publicly funded programs fail to meet their goals. 00:00 — Introducing Rep. Carl Tepper 01:08 — Texas' Governmental Oversight Hearings 02:53 — Crime & Repeat Offenders 04:39 — Scrutiny of District Attorneys 05:12 — What Could the Legislature Do? 07:22 — Could Texas Expand Into New Mexico? 08:32 — Why New Mexico Counties Are Looking at Texas 11:05 — How a Texas-New Mexico Boundary Change Could Work 11:57 — Rural & Frontier Texas 14:38 — Safeguarding Taxpayer Funds 15:09 — Austin's Homelessness Spending 16:51 — Accountability for Government Contracts 19:10 — Closing

In Part 2 of our special Texas Talks series recorded live at the Texas Hospital Association Annual Conference in Fort Worth, host Brad Swail sits down with Chris Bryan, Vice President of Clarity Child Guidance Center in San Antonio, to examine the state of children’s mental healthcare in Texas. Bryan shares the personal experience that led her from a career in technology to becoming an advocate for children’s mental health and explains how technology and social media have changed the environment in which children grow up. The conversation explores gaps in the mental health system, including the lack of a consistent continuum of care, difficulties sharing health information, insurance and reimbursement challenges, workforce shortages and the difference between having mental health coverage and actually being able to access treatment. Bryan also reflects on nearly two decades of advocacy at the Texas Capitol, how the conversation surrounding children’s mental health has changed and what she hopes lawmakers will address during the 90th Texas Legislature. This is Part 2 of our two-part Texas Hospital Association special. Be sure to watch Part 1 with Allen Harrison on the economics and financial pressures facing Texas hospitals. 00:00 — Introducing Chris Bryan 01:56 — A Personal Journey Into Mental Health Advocacy 04:20 — Technology Meets Healthcare 06:05 — Behavioral Health vs. Mental Health 07:13 — How Technology Is Changing Childhood 10:21 — Gaps in the Mental Health System 11:47 — The Missing Continuum of Care 12:40 — Health Data & Funding Challenges 15:26 — Why Mental Health Coverage Falls Short 17:53 — Coverage Doesn't Mean Access 20:13 — 20 Years of Mental Health Advocacy 22:14 — How the Texas Conversation Has Changed 23:42 — Priorities for the 90th Legislature 24:22 — Closing

In Part 1 of a special two-part Texas Talks series recorded live at the Texas Hospital Association Annual Conference in Fort Worth, host Brad Swail sits down with Allen Harrison, President of Medical City Healthcare, HCA Healthcare’s North Texas Division, and Chair-Elect of the Texas Hospital Association Board of Trustees. Harrison shares the personal story that led him to a career in healthcare before turning to the financial pressures facing Texas hospitals and the growing debate over healthcare affordability. The conversation examines Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, uninsured patients, the role of commercial insurance, hospital pricing and the growing financial burden placed directly on patients. Harrison also discusses what Texas hospitals are watching ahead of the 90th Texas Legislature and why protecting existing Medicaid funding is a major priority. Brad and Harrison also explore Texas’ healthcare workforce, including improvements in the nursing shortage, continued demand for specialized healthcare workers and how the patient experience can be complicated by an increasingly difficult-to-understand billing system. This is Part 1 of our two-part Texas Hospital Association special. Part 2 continues tomorrow with another conversation from the THA Annual Conference. 00:00 — Introducing Allen Harrison 01:47 — A Personal Connection to Healthcare 04:11 — How Healthcare Has Changed 06:29 — Preparing to Lead the Texas Hospital Association 07:45 — Healthcare Affordability & the 90th Legislature 09:22 — Medicare, Medicaid & Hospital Finances 12:09 — Protecting Texas Medicaid Funding 13:25 — What Really Drives Healthcare Costs? 14:53 — How Hospital Pricing Actually Works 16:25 — Managing Financial Uncertainty 18:00 — Insurance & Rising Patient Costs 20:52 — Texas' Healthcare Workforce 23:00 — Shortages in Specialized Healthcare Jobs 24:22 — What Patients Want From Healthcare 26:22 — Closing

Women are paying $350 for a testosterone pellet. The same hormone, in a men’s tube, can last a year for $86. Texas Rep. Katrina Pierson (HD 33) — former Trump national spokesperson and chair of the House Subcommittee on Maternal Health, Menopause and Access to Evidence-Based Medicine — sits down with Brad Swail on Texas Talks to walk through her Texas Women’s Health Initiative: baseline hormone testing, HRT coverage, physician liability, iron and prenatal access, and why she says doctors now practice insurance instead of medicine. Pierson spent 14 years in healthcare, including OB-GYN. She filed a menopause-coverage bill in 2025 that never got a hearing. After the FDA lifted the HRT black-box warning, she took a larger package to the Speaker and got interim charges. In this conversation she explains: • Why she wants insurance to cover physician-prescribed perimenopause and menopause treatment — including testosterone when medically necessary