Show Notes
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The short answer is no - at least not in the way the term is typically applied in adult populations. Rotator cuff pathology is uncommon in paediatric shoulders, particularly in the absence of trauma [1]. While partial or full-thickness tears can occur, these are usually associated with acute injury, avulsion, or instability events. In contrast, the most frequent causes of shoulder pain in adolescents are physeal stress injuries and glenohumeral instability with associated labral pathology [1,2]. These distinctions reflect fundamental differences between paediatric and adult shoulders in terms of anatomy, pathology, and clinical presentations. A failure to recognise these differences risks misdiagnosis and inappropriate management, potentially leading to long-term consequences for shoulder function and athletic development. Accurate clinical reasoning in this population therefore requires consideration of anatomical development, ossification timing, maturation status, and paediatric-specific pathology. From cartilage to bone At birth, the skeleton is largely cartilaginous, enabling longitudinal growth. Through the process of ossification, cartilage is progressively replaced by bone, with skeletal maturity around the shoulder not reached until the mid-to-late twenties [3]. Until then, shoulder injury is more likely to be to the immature bone, whereas in skeletally mature adults, the bone is stronger than the soft tissues, so injury is more likely to the tendon or ligamentous structures. The shoulder is particularly complex in its developmental anatomy. The humeral head initially forms from three secondary ossification centres, including the greater and lesser tuberosities, which unite around the age of 4-6 in boys, and up to two years earlier in girls. The diaphysis (humeral shaft) and the epiphysis (humeral head) are separated by the physis which is comprised of a series of layers packed with chondrocytes and osteoblasts to enable longitudinal growth. The humeral head does not ossify with the humeral shaft until around the age of 14-18 and until then the proximal humeral physis is vulnerable to injury.
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It always struck me as bizarre that sports medicine and musculoskeletal specialties deal with pain and dysfunction from head to toe in the human body, yet offer little health literacy or inclusion of the pelvic floor. Traditionally considered taboo and someone else’s remit, men and women with issues affecting the pelvic floor have largely suffered in silence. Thankfully, change is afoot, and healthcare is finally evolving. There is much more awareness, inclusion, and understanding of this unique body area and the role that it plays. For anyone playing catch up, the pelvic floor is a group of muscles spanning the base of the pelvic outlet in layers. While both men and women have a pelvic floor, the pelvic outlet is wider in females than in males and it also contains an extra orifice – the vagina [1]. That’s right, we went there. We said the ‘V’ word. Because just like vulva, or vestibule, the vagina is simply an anatomical term. It needn’t be embarrassing or taboo. Some of you will be long enough in the tooth to remember when the word ‘breast’ was taboo. However, with healthcare campaigns for breast cancer and breastfeeding, this term became an anatomical norm. We need to do the same for the pelvic floor and its related anatomy and physiology. What does the pelvic floor do? In both men and women, the pelvic floor serves to control the bladder and bowel (maintain continence), empty the bladder and bowel (voiding and defecation) and support sexual function (arousal and climax). In women, the pelvic floor also plays an important role in pelvic organ support. Remember that extra orifice I mentioned earlier…well this area is high risk for connective tissue laxity and defects meaning that the pelvic organs (bladder, uterus, rectum) can descend into the vaginal cavity causing symptoms of heaviness, pressure and a sensation of ‘something in the vagina’. What are the signs and symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction? If the pelvic floor is not doing its job, any of its roles can become compromised. This may manifest in leaking from the bladder or bowel, inability to fully empty the bladder or bowel, pain ‘down there’, sexual dysfunction (compromised erection, dyspareunia, pain with climax) or heaviness and pressure in the vaginal region (for women) [2]. A full list of sex-specific signs and symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 - signs and symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction in men and women Who gets pelvic floor dysfunction? Pelvic floor dysfunction can affect any man, woman or child, however it is particularly problematic for women, especially during transitional life events, such as pregnancy/childbirth and the menopause [1]. One in three women will experience pelvic floor dysfunction [3] and for those that engage in sport, the prevalence of symptoms varies according to the load demands of the activity. For example 61% of netballers leak urine [4], up to 43% of female rugby players leak [5], and 32% of gymnasts experience incontinence [6]. Structural changes associated with vaginal childbirth and aging, as well as lower levels of oestrogen to lubricate and bulk out the tissues can increase the odds of experiencing pelvic floor dysfunction. However, even young adolescent females can leak urine due to the load demands of their sport. For example, in athletics and gymnastics, stress urinary incontinence (the involuntary leakage of urine during activities involving high levels of intra-abdominal pressure) is commonly experienced. Yet no-one is doing anything about it. No one is screening. No one is signposting. No one is educating these younger athletes that pelvic floor symptoms are not to be expected and normalised. Or that they simply indicate that the sporting demands exceed the load capacity at the pelvic floor. If this was any other area of sports or MSK practice, would we settle for a load capacity that does not meet the demands of the sport?! Why is this relevant to every therapist, no matter their di
This is a free preview of a paid episode. To hear more, visit mskmag.substack.com
This is a free preview of a paid episode. To hear more, visit mskmag.substack.com
This is a free preview of a paid episode. To hear more, visit mskmag.substack.com
This is a free preview of a paid episode. To hear more, visit mskmag.substack.com