Summary
Marketers are increasingly concerned about the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns, labeling the phenomenon of high dashboard metrics without corresponding sales as "bullspend." This term reflects the frustration of relying on impressions as a key performance indicator, prompting calls for a shift towards measuring actual revenue generated from campaigns. LinkedIn is highlighted as a platform that reportedly offers the highest return on ad spend among major networks.
The discussion then shifts to the historical development of quantum mechanics, focusing on Werner Heisenberg's revolutionary approach in the 1920s. Heisenberg proposed a model that prioritized observable quantities over unobservable internal mechanics, leading to the creation of matrix mechanics and the foundation of modern quantum theory. Despite its initial success, the reductionist philosophy dominated the field for decades, as physicists sought detailed descriptions of atomic structures.
As the conversation progresses, it addresses the challenges faced by quantum field theory, particularly in understanding the strong nuclear force. The S-matrix theory, which emerged from Heisenberg's ideas, sought to simplify the analysis of particle interactions by focusing solely on observable outcomes rather than internal dynamics. This approach gained renewed interest in the 1960s and 70s but was ultimately overshadowed by advancements in quantum chromodynamics, which provided a more comprehensive understanding of subnuclear physics.
The episode concludes by noting the resurgence of interest in S-matrix theory, particularly in the context of cosmological studies. Recent work by physicists suggests that the S-matrix approach could yield significant insights into the early universe's structure, potentially leading to a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of reality.
Show Notes
PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE↓ More info below ↓Uploaded 27-01-20Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeSign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!https://tinyurl.com/yx9cusk5Check out the Space Time Merch Storehttps://pbsspacetime.com/In particle physics we try to understand reality by looking for smaller and smaller building blocks. But what if that has been the wrong philosophy all along? Hosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Matt O'Dowd and Graeme GosselGraphics by Leonardo Scholzer and Adriano LealPost Production: Yago Ballarini, Max Willians, Pedro OsinskiDirected by: Andrew KornhaberExecutive Producers: Eric Brown and Andrew KornhaberEnd Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0QIn standard use, the S-matrix can be calculated if you understand the forces in the interaction region - for example, in the nucleus of an atom. But what if you don’t know those internal interaction forces? Heisenberg sought a way to ignore that internal structure and, rather, treat the S-matrix as fundamental. The S-matrix was to become the physics of the interaction, rather than an emergent property of more fundamental, internal physics. Heisenberg’s made some progress in the 40s, but the approach came into its own 20 years later when the atomic nucleus refused to give up its mysteries. Special Thanks to Our Patreon SupportersBig Bang SupportersAlexander TamasDavid BarnholdtDavid NicklasFabrice EapJohn SJuan BenetMorgan HoughQuasar SupportersChristina OegrenMark HeisingVinnie FalcoHypernova SupportersChuck ZegarDanton SpiveyDonal BotkinEdmund FokschanerHank SJohn HofmannJohn PollockJohn R. SlavikJordan YoungJoseph SalomoneJulian TyackeJustin AshMathewMatthew O'ConnorSyed AnsarTimothy McCullochGamma Ray Burst SupportersA GAdrian HatchAdrien MolyneuxAlecZeroAndreas NautschAngela PriggeBradley JenkinsBrandon labonteCraig StonahaDan WarrenDaniel LyonsDavid BethalaDFaulkEric KieblerFrederic SimonGeoffrey ShortGraydon GossGreg SmithJohn FunaiJohn GriffithJohn RobinsonJonathan NesfederJosh ThomasKevin LeeKevin WarneKyle HoferMalte UblMichael ConroyNick VirtueNick WrightPatrick SuttonPaul RoseRobert IlardiScott GossettSean WarniahaSipke SchoorstraSteve BradshawTatiana VorovchenkoTim StephaniTonyfaceTybie FitzhughYurii KonovaliukRandall Sylvia Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE↓ More info below ↓Uploaded 12-01-21Erratum: Figures in episode should be Minev et al. (2019), not Minney et al. (2009). Our apologies to the authors!This is the experiment we talk about:To Catch and Reverse a Quantum Jump Mid-FlightMinev, Mundhada, Shankar, Reinhold, Gutiérrez-Jáuregui, Schoelkopf,Mirrahimi, Carmichael and Devoret (2019), Nature, v.570, p.200https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1287-zSign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord! https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeSince the very beginning of quantum mechanics, a debate has raged about how to interpret its bizarre predictions. And at the heart and origin of that debate is the quantum jump or quantum leap - the seemingly miraculous and instantaneous transitions of quantum systems that have always defied observation or prediction. At least, until now. Check out the Space Time Merch Storehttps://pbsspacetime.com/Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetimeHosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Katie McCormick and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal and Stephanie FariaDirected by Andrew KornhaberAssistant Producer: Setare GholipourExecutive Producers: Eric Brown and Andrew KornhaberEnd Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRl6-nb4iOnsij-vnpAjp0QSpecial Thanks to Our Patreon SupportersBig Bang SupporetersMatthew MillerClinton RobinsonSean MaddoxBrodie RaoScott GrayAhmad JodehRadu NegulescuAlexander TamasMorgan HoughJuan BenetFabrice EapMark RosenthalDavid NicklasQuasar SupportersHank SChristina OegrenMark HeisingVinnie FalcoHypernova Supporterswilliam bryanSean MehraBen DeloL. Wayne AusbrooksNicholas NewlinMark Matthew BoskoJustin JermynJason FinnАнтон КочковAlec S-LJulian TyackeJohn R. SlavikMathewDanton SpiveyDonal BotkinJohn PollockEdmund FokschanerJoseph SalomoneMatthew O'Connorchuck zegarJordan Youngm0nkJohn HofmannTimothy McCullochGamma Ray Burst SupportersAlex EdwardsNickÁdám KettingerSylvain LeducMatthew HarlowRobert C SchuppAnthony KahngMD3Endre PechDaniel JenningsCameron SampsonPratik MukherjeeGeoffrey ClarionAstronauticistNateDarren DuncanLily kawaiiRuss CreechJeremy ReedMagistrala Хемус [Kybrit]Derek DavisBill BlairEric WebsterSteven SartoreDrJYouDavid JohnstonJ. KingMichael BartonChristopher BarronJames RamseyMr TAndrew MannJeremiah Johnsonfieldsa eleanoryPeter MertzKevin O'ConnellRichard DeightonIsaac SuttellDevon RosenthalOliver FlanaganDawn M FinkBleys GoodsonDarryl J LyleRobert WalterBruce BIsmael MontecelAndrew RichmondSimon OliphantMirik GogriDavid HughesMark Daniel CohenBrandon LattinYannick WeynsNickolas Andrew FreemanBrian BlanchardShane CalimlimTybie FitzhughRobert IlardiAstaurusEric KieblerCraig StonahaMartin SkansMichael ConroyGraydon GossFrederic SimonGreg SmithTonyfaceJohn RobinsonA GKevin LeeAdrian HatchYurii KonovaliukJohn FunaiCass CostelloGeoffrey ShortBradley JenkinsKyle HoferTim StephaniLuaanAlecZeroCodyMalte UblNick VirtueScott GossettMartin J LollarDan WarrenPatrick SuttonJohn GriffithDaniel LyonsDFaulkKevin WarneAndreas NautschBrandon labonte Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACEUploaded 11-07-18In simple terms a gauge theory is one that has mathematical parameters, or “degrees of freedom” that can be changed without affecting the predictions of the theory.You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeGet your own Space Time t-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBiTweet at us! @pbsspacetimeFacebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetimeEmail us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] comComment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetimeHelp translate our videos!https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_...Previous Episode:Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mXW1zPlxEE&tAs far as we can tell, mathematics is the language in which the universe is written. Our laws of physics are equations of motion, along with some associated constants. Previously we’ve talked a bit about the symmetries of these equations, and how they lead us to conserved quantities. But this is just the tip of the theoretical iceberg - sometimes investigating the symmetries of these equations predicts entirely new physics. The most remarkable example of this is the standard model of particle physics. You know, the most accurate physical theory in all of human history. Hosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Graeme Gossel and Matt O'DowdGraphics by Grayson BlackmonAssistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike PetrowMade by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big BangCoolAsCatsDavid NicklasAnton LifshitsJoey RednerFabrice EapQuasarTambe BarsbayMayank M. MehrotaMars YenturMark RosenthalDean FuquaRoman PinchukColeslawPurdieVinnie FalcoHypernovaDonal BotkinEdmund FokschanerMatthew O’ConnorEugene LawsonBarry HatfieldMartha HuntJoseph SalomoneChuck ZegarCraig PetersonJordan YoungRatfeastJohn HofmannThanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James HughesFabian OlesenKris FernetJane MeyersJames FlowersGreg AllenDenys IvanovNick VirtueAlexey EromenkoNicholas RoseScott GossettMark VasilePatrick Murrayسلطان الخليفيAlex SetoMichal-Peanut KarmiErik SteinKevin WarneJJ BagnellAvi GoldfingerJohn PettitFlorian StinglmayrBenoit Pagé-GuitardNathan LenizBrandon LabonteDavid CraneGreg WeissShannan CatalanoBrandon CookMalte Ubl Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
To learn to think like a scientist check out http://Brilliant.org/SpaceTime Uploaded 20-12-18PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to: http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACECheck out the new Space Time Merch Store!https://pbsspacetime.com/Support Space Time on Patreonhttps://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeThere’s this idea that beauty is a powerful guide to truth in the mathematics of physical theory. String theory is certainly beautiful in the eyes of many physicists. Beautiful enough to pursue even if it’s wrong?Tweet at us! @pbsspacetimeFacebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetimeEmail us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] comComment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetimeHelp translate our videos!https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_...Previous Episode: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyTqgnKD3sw&t=5sHosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Matt O'DowdGraphics by Luke MaroldiAssistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike PetrowMade by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)Hermann Weyl once said, “If I have to choose between beauty and truth, I choose beauty.” It was in reaction to a rebuke by Einstein. Weyl had tried to explain electromagnetism by imposing on Einstein’s general theory of relativity very first gauge symmetry, Weyl invariance. Einstein pointed out it the proposal led to some absurd results, and so the idea went down in flames. It just couldn’t be true, despite the elegance of the math. But sometimes it can be hard to let go of the sense that a beautiful theory must be right. Could this also be the case with string theory?Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang SupportersDavid NicklasCoolAsCatsAnton LifshitsFabrice EapJustin LloydJuan BenetQuasarTambe BarsbayMark RosenthalDean FuquaJames FlowersVinnie FalcoHypernovaChuck ZegarDanton SpiveyDonal BotkinEdmund FokschanerJohn HofmannJordan YoungJoseph SalomoneMark HeisingMatthew O'ConnorThanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Alexey EromenkoAntonio RuizBrandon CookBrandon LabonteCarlo MogaveroDaniel LyonsDavid CraneDustan JonesGreg WeissJack FroschJames HughesJames QuinteroJinal DoshiJJ BagnellJohn WebberJinal DoshiJon FolksJoseph EmisonJosh ThomasKenneth F LeonardKevin WarneMalte UblMark VasileNathan HitchingsNicholas RoseNick VirtueRatfeastRichard BromanScott GossettShannan CatalanoShawn AzmanTim StephaniTommy Mogensenسلطان الخليفي Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Take the Space Time Fan Survey Here: https://forms.gle/wS4bj9o3rvyhfKzUAUploaded 20-04-22PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:http://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACESign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetimeImagine you’re leading a game of 20 questions and you forget the thing you chose half way through. You have to keep answering yesses and nos and hope that you think of something that’s consistent with all your previous questions before the game is done. Well it could be that’s what the entire universe is doing. I hope it thinks of something good before we run out of questions.Check out the Space Time Merch Storehttps://www.pbsspacetime.com/shopSign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!https://mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/spacetimeHosted by Matt O'DowdWritten by Katie McCormick and Matt O'Dowd Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Adriano Leal and Stephanie FariaGFX Visualizations: Ajay ManuelDirected by Andrew KornhaberAssociate Producer: Bahar GholipourExecutive Producers: Eric Brown and Andrew KornhaberExecutives in Charge (PBS): Adam Dylewski, Maribel Lopez Director of Programming (PBS): Gabrielle Ewing Spacetime is produced by Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.© 2022 PBS. All rights reserved.End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: https://www.youtube.com/user/MultiDroidekaSpecial Thanks to Our Patreon SupportersBig Bang SupportersMark EvansDavid TaicletDaniel AlexiucPeter BarrettDavid NeumannCharlieLeo KoguanSandy WuAhmad JodehAlexander TamasMorgan HoughAmyJuan BenetVinnie FalcoFabrice EapMark RosenthalDavid NicklasQuasar SupportersAlex KernEthan CohenStephen WilcoxChristina OegrenMark HeisingHank SHypernova Supporterswilliam bryanKirk HonourdrollereJoe MoreiraMarc ArmstrongScott GorlickPaul Stehr-GreenAdam WaltersRussell PopeBen DeloScott GrayАнтон КочковJohn R. SlavikMathewDonal BotkinJohn PollockEdmund FokschanerJoseph Salomonechuck zegarJordan YoungDaniel MuzquizGamma Ray Burst SupportersSusan AlbeeFrank WalkerMatt QWhizBangeryTony AffinitoAvi YashchinMHL SHSKory KirkTerje VoldAnatoliy NagornyycomboyBrett BakerJeremy SollerJonathan ConerlyAndre StechertRoss BohnerPaul WoodKent Durhamjim bartoshNubbleChris NavridesScott R CalkinsThe Mad MechanicEllis HallJohn H. Austin, Jr.Diana SBen CampbellFaraz KhanAlmog CohenAlex EdwardsÁdám KettingerMD3Endre PechDaniel JenningsCameron SampsonPratik MukherjeeGeoffrey ClarionNateDarren DuncanRuss CreechJeremy ReedEric WebsterDavid JohnstonWeb BrowserMichael BartonChristopher BarronJames RamseyMr TAndrew MannIsaac SuttellDevon RosenthalOliver FlanaganBleys GoodsonRobert WalterBruce BSimon OliphantMirik GogriMark DelagasseMark Daniel CohenBrandon LattinNickolas Andrew FreemanShane CalimlimTybie FitzhughRobert IlardiEric KieblerCraig StonahaMartin SkansThe Art of SinGraydon GossFrederic SimonTonyfaceJohn RobinsonA GDavid NealKevin LeejustahatJohn FunaiCass CostelloTristanBradley JenkinsKyle HoferDaniel StříbrnýLuaanCodyThomas DoughertyKing ZeckendorffNick VirtueScott GossettDan WarrenPatrick SuttonDaniel LyonsDFaulkKevin Warne Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
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