Ep1-Jefferson, Hamilton, and Your Local Health Department
Who the Health Cares? with Prof Michael SparerShow Notes
When the Supreme Court in 2022 struck down President Biden's COVID vaccine mandate, it wasn't really about vaccines—it was about who has the constitutional power to issue such a mandate. As it turns out, the 10th amendment gives states—and by extension, local governments— the "police power" to regulate and oversee our public health system. This is why we have 3,300 state and local health departments instead of one national system.
But here's the surprising part: when New York State created the nation's first municipal health department in 1866, they didn't fight disease with medicine. They fought it with garbage trucks. The city's streets were filled with rotting food, dead animals, and human waste and the germs that emerged were causing deadly epidemics. During the "Great Sanitary Awakening," reformers realized the solution was sanitation.
While the American public health system traces its roots to the unglamorous work of street cleaning, today the scope is much broader. This episode reviews this history and makes clear why it matters.
Chapter Markers
00:00 Biden's COVID Mandate and the Court 01:15 Introducing Who the Health Cares 02:40 1787: The Constitutional Convention 03:57 Hamilton vs Jefferson: Federal Power 05:10 Jefferson's Vision: State Control 06:52 Local Police Power and Social Welfare 08:17 Fighting Epidemics in Early America 09:41 The Medical Revolution of the 1860s 11:17 NYC's First Board of Health 12:53 Why Local Health Departments Matter 14:44 Who the Health Cares? We All Should
About Michael Sparer
Michael S. Sparer, J.D., Ph.D. is Chair of the Department of Health Policy and Management at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, where he has taught for over 30 years. He also directs the Center for Public Health Systems, which examines how America's fragmented public health infrastructure functions and how it can better serve communities.
Professor Sparer’s research examines how policy shapes politics both in health insurance systems and in local health departments. He is particularly expert in Medicaid policy and in the inter-governmental dynamics that have shaped the evolution of that program. His work on public health has also focused on federalism and on the ways in which local health departments respond to changing political and fiscal environments. Before his academic career, he spent seven years as a litigator for the New York City Law Department. He is a three-time recipient of Columbia teaching excellence awards and former editor of the Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law.
About the Mailman School of Public Health, Center for Public Health SystemsThe Center for Public Health Systems at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health conducts needed research, facilitates public discussions, develops policy proposals, and provides educational programs, all with the goal of encouraging a better, more efficient, and more equitable public health system. This work builds on the recognition that the nation’s public health system is currently under-resourced, under-paid, and under-valued and that a stabilized and strengthened system would benefit all of us.
More from Who the Health Cares? with Prof Michael Sparer
Welcome to season three of Who the Health Cares from the Center for Public Health Implementation at Columbia University.
Public health funding is often discussed as a matter of budgets and policy. But the real story is about politics, relationships and power. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, states across the country received an unprecedented influx of federal dollars to strengthen their public health systems. But turning those investments into lasting change proved far more complicated than simply appropriating money.
Public health officials are navigating an increasingly complicated landscape defined by shrinking resources and political polarization. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence is transforming how health systems collect information, manage care and respond to community needs. The challenge for today’s public health leaders is figuring out how to adapt without losing the public’s trust or losing sight of their core mission: improving the health of the communities they serve.
The work of public health often becomes most visible when our systems are under the greatest strain. From hurricanes to pandemics, crises test not only our ability to respond, but also the strength, flexibility and fairness of the systems we rely on every day.
The work of the U.S. public health system is invisible to many of us. That’s why public health guidance is often misunderstood – and ultimately mistrusted – by Americans on both sides of the political aisle. And in times of uncertainty, when clear guidance matters most, the gap between perception and reality is especially costly.